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PDCA / PDSA

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本帖最后由 张智全 于 2022-5-13 21:20 编辑

PLAN/DO/CHECK(STUDY)/ACT(ACTION、ADJUST)

百科:“PDCA循环是美国质量管理专家休哈特博士首先提出的,由戴明采纳、宣传,获得普及,所以又称戴明环(DEMING WHEEL)。”

大家以为它是质量管理方面的工具,其实,它确实是。。。

The PDCA or PDSA Cycle began as a series of steps within the world of product development. It wasn’t until much later did it become a method for process improvement. Let’s go through the history together.

PDCA管理循环,或者PDSA管理循环,属于产品开发的一系列步骤,直到很久之后,PDCA管理循环才成为一个流程改善的工具。那么,让我们来回顾下它的历史吧。

1.The Shewhart Cycle 休哈特循环

Dr. Walter Shewhart is best known for his development of statistical control. Back in 1939, Dr. Shewhart struggled with the current view of his time regarding quality and product development. He didn’t believe it was a linear model, but rather a cycle. In his words,

沃特-休哈特博士,因其本人开发出统计控制原理而闻名遐迩。回到1939年,休哈特博士正和当时涉及到质量与产品开发的观点进行辩论,其本人并不认可当时在质量与产品开发方面的观点,他认为应该是一个循环,而不是线性模式。用他的话,就是:

These three steps must go in a circle instead of in a straight line, as shown . . . It may be helpful to think of the three steps in the mass production process as steps in the scientific method. In this sense, specification, production, and inspection correspond respectively to making a hypothesis, carrying out an experiment, and testing the hypothesis. The three steps constitute a dynamic scientific process of acquiring knowledge.

三大步骤(specification规范、production生产,以及inspection检验)应该形成的是一个循环,而不是直线,如图所示……

在大规模生产中,将规范、生产与检验视为科学方法的三大步骤,可能确实会很有帮助。以此来看,规范、生产与检验,分别对应相应的假设,实施实验,并且验证假设,这三个步骤构成了一个动态获取知识的科学过程。

In his mind, it looked like this:

在休哈特博士看来,以上三大步骤看起来应该是这样的:
1.png
2.The Deming Wheel戴明环

Dr. Walter Shewhart’s student at the time was Dr. W. Edwards Deming. It was Deming who took the Shewhart Cycle and modified it. In 1950, while speaking to the Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) regarding statistical quality control, Dr. Deming modified the Shewhart Cycle by adding a 4th step that he called – at the time – “redesign through marketing research”. Historians believe that it was at that meeting the term “Deming Wheel” was born.

爱德华兹-戴明彼时正是沃特-休哈特博士的学生,正是戴明博士接受了休哈特循环,并对该循环进行了修改。

1950时,戴明博士在日本科学家与工程师联合会上做关于统计质量控制的讲话时,对休哈特循环进行了修改,在其中添加了第四步,当时,用他的话说,就是“通过市场研究进行重新设计”。历史学家们相信,正是在那次会议上,“戴明环”诞生了。
2.png
At that meeting, Dr. W. Edwards Deming discussed these steps:

在那次会议上,爱德华兹-戴明讨论了这些步骤:

1) Design the product

设计产品

2) Make it and test in lab and production line first;

then Launch the product。

做出产品,在实验室与生产线进行测试,然后推出产品

3) Test it in service via market research and user interviews

通过市场调研与用户访谈的方式对产品服务进行测试

4) Redesign & improve the product given customer’s feedback

重新设计并改善产品,对顾客予以反馈

3. PDCA Cycle is Born PDCA管理循环诞生

According to Misaki Imai, Japanese executives took the Deming Wheel from that 1950 seminar and called it PDCA and took Deming’s steps (1-4) and codified it as Plan-Do-Check-Act.

根据Misaki Imai的说法,自1950年那次研讨会起,日本的高管们便接受了戴明环,将之称为PDCA,将戴明博士提出的上述步骤(1-4)编纂为Plan(计划)-Do(实施)-Check(查核)-Act(处置)。为什么叫PDCA, 要么是日本人翻译的一个失误,要么是理解上的一个偏差。

3.jpeg

According to Imai, in the 1960’s, the what was initially the Deming Wheel was called PDCA by the Japanese. It evolved from a method to describe product development to become a method for process improvement.

根据Misaki Imai的说法,戴明环起初被日本人称作PDCA管理循环,将其从一种描述产品开发的方法演变成为一种过程改进的方法。

4. PDSA Cycle is Reborn PDSA管理循环重生

In 1986, Dr. W. Edwards Deming reintroduces the Shewhart Cycle and warned his audience that Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) version is not accurate because the English definition for “check” means to “hold back”. Deming continues by encouraging his audience to use Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) and not the “corruption PDCA” 4.

1986年,爱德华兹-戴明重新介绍了休哈特循环,并警告受众PDCA管理循环并不准确,因为英文中的“check”的意思是“控制”。戴明博士继续鼓励他的受众去使用PDSA管理循环,而不是去使用变体-“PDCA”四大步骤。

不过,PDCA已经被广泛宣传接收使用认可,名声在外,大家都不愿改变了。

PDCA:

P(Plan)--计划,通过集体讨论或个人思考确定某一行动或某一系列行动的方案,包括5W1H;

D(Do)--执行人执行,按照计划去做,落实计划;

C(Check)--检查或研究执行人的执行情况,比如到计划执行过程中的“控制点”“管理点”去收集信息,“计划执行的怎么样?有没有达到预期的效果或要求?”,找出问题;

A(Action)--效果,对检查的结果进行处理,认可或否定。成功的经验要加以肯定,或者模式化或者标准化以适当推广;失败的教训要加以总结,以免重现;这一轮未解决的问题放到下一个PDCA循环。

PDCA的执行8个步骤是这样的:

1、分析现状、发现问题

第一步是找到问题

在做计划之前,需要分析一下现状是什么样子的?问题在哪里?可以分析质量问题、交期的问题、安全的问题以及效率的问题。

2、分析影响因素

第二步分析各种问题中的影响因素,这个时候就可以用很多方法了,比方说鱼骨图、5W2H、4M(人、机、料、法)等等,用这些方法来分析,到底有哪些因素?

3、分析主要因素

把所有的分析因素分析完了以后,再来分析主要因素是什么。每一个问题的产生,都有少数主要的因素,比方说影响这个问题的产生有十个因素,按照二八原则,大概有两个到三个是主要因素,找到主要因素才能够更好地解决问题,如果找不到主要因素,那问题就没办法解决。

4、采取措施

分析到主要原因以后,针对主要原因采取措施。在采取措施的时候,要考虑下面的这几个问题:

  • 我们为什么要制定这个措施?
  • 这个措施为什么要制定?
  • 要达到什么目标?
  • 在哪里做?
  • 由谁来做?
  • 什么时候做?
  • 怎么做?

这就是5W1H:

第一个W是Why,为什么要做这个事情,这是最重要的;

第二个W是What,我们要执行什么目标?

第三个W是Where,在哪里做?

第四个W是Who,谁来负责完成?

第五个W是When,什么时间完成?

一定有开始的时间跟结束的时间,每一个目标都必须要有一个期限,没有期限的目标就等于没有目标。

最后一个H是How,怎样去执行?

这些5W1H,都要在我们的计划里面出现,要考虑这五个问题。

现在还有人再加一个H,就是5W2H,How much,就是做这个事情要花多少钱。

如果计划很好,但是可能投入产出比不划算,所以,我们每做一个PDCA循环的时候,都要考虑要花多少钱。How much,

这是今后越来越重要的宣传语:

做任何事情都有成本观念。

5、执行

就是按照措施计划的要求去做,开始执行,执行一般都是要求员工去执行。

6、检查

把执行结果与要求达到的目标进行对比。

检查的目的就是看我们实施的过程到底有没有效果。

如果要检查有一个问题,我们定计划的时候要分阶段目标,如果没有阶段目标怎么检查?这个事情一个月完成,那一定要说第一周到哪里,第二周到哪里,第三周到哪里,如果没有这个,就没办法做检查。

所以,定计划一定要分段来定,甚至每天、每个小时,都要有它的目标,这个时候才能检查,如果没有这个目标,是没办法检查的。检查完了以后进行对比。

7、标准化

把成功的经验总结出来,制定相应的标准。

8、把没有解决或新出现的问题

转入下一个PDCA循环中去解决 每个问题不一定靠一个PDCA循环,就能够解决掉的,有时候一次解决掉,有时候可能要转几次。看病也是一样,最好的方法是保持自己的健康,不要去看病。换句话说,不出问题最好,出了问题解决问题有时候,不是一次两次就能解决的掉的。

这个都整出8D的套路了!

PDSA
4.png
(PDSA中具体操作内容)

计划(Plan)

PDSA周期的计划阶段。当一个质量改进团队在理解当前问题的本质,并了解本质问题的起源、发生过程,以及怀着特定的想法试图改善这个问题时,意味着团队已经做好测试特定想法的准备。计划这个阶段帮助团队进一步明确以下内容:

●哪个过程需要改进?

●要求改进的话,改进多少是必要的?

●哪些变化需要实施?

●什么时候实施这些变化?

●如何评估变化的有效性?

●改变会带来哪些影响?(例如人员、过程等)

需要注意的是,在测试变化前,质量改进团队需要和其所影响到的人或部门进行沟通。沟通环境使得人们了解改变的重要性,在及时受到不同程度影响下仍可确保PDSA往下一步发展。

Do(测试)

测试阶段,质量改进团队主要对预想的改进措施进行测试,并收集数据为下一步评估做准备。期间任何问题和意见都应在测试过程进行详细记录,便于下一步的数据分析和研究。

Study(研究评估)

质量改进小组对测试所获取的数据、反馈内容等进行研究,评估改变措施是否成功或是否需要进一步改善。研究评估阶段需要考虑:

●测试后过程是否改进?如果改进,改进多少?

●是否达到改进的最终目标?

●使用新方法是否使操作过程更加复杂?

●在测试改变过程中是否有未预期的事件发生?

●除了在目前测试所获基础上,在测试过程中有无新的内容需要进一步了解?

在回答以上问题以后,质量改进小组可以明确团队是往下一步Act(实际运用)发展,还是继续回到Plan或者Do的阶段。

如果测试后过程没有得到改善,团队应该回顾测试结果来明确原因。如果计划没有问题,则需要仔细研究测试阶段所收集数据的可信程度和数据收集方法。

当然,如果测试阶段没有问题,就需要重新从计划阶段入手进行另一轮的PDSA循环。反之,如果测试过程显示得到了改善,质量管理团队需要确定发生的改进是否已经足够。 如果团队发现测试改善的程度没有达到预期目标,则需要考虑使用其他方法来调整过程直到改进目标的实现。其中可以考虑在测试阶段使用相同的步骤,或不同的步骤以达到总体目标。

对于多数医疗机构来说,通常都需要经历几个小型测试,即多个PDSA周期,最终达到预想目标的结果,但基本这些测试都可在一个很短的时间内有效地完成。

Act(实际运用)

此阶段,质量改进团队需要施行两方面内容:决定之前的改进措施是否可以运用到实际工作环境中;计划下一步的PDSA循环。

使用多个PDSA循环可以帮助质量改进团队更好地完成改进目标。尽管连续的PDSA循环都是重于对某一环节的改进,在实际操作过程中也可反应出干预医疗环节所需要改善的其它内容。

每个测试循环都是一次学习,在测试过程中如果遇到其它需要改进的环节,可以根据特定环节开辟新的改进项目。在连续的PDSA过程中,团队也会获取一些意外的收获,或者是当初在计划阶段没有考虑到的内容而产生的问题。

5.jpeg

(连续性的PDSA循环过程示意图)

PDCA/PDSA 共同特点

1.周而复始

PDCA循环的四个过程不是运行一次就完结,而是周而复始地进行。一个循环结束了,解决了一部分问题,可能还有问题没有解决,或者又出现了新的问题,再进行下一个PDCA循环,依此类推。

2.大环带小环

类似行星轮系,一个公司或组织的整体运行的体系与其内部各子体系的关系,是大环带小环的有机逻辑组合体。

3.阶梯式上升

PDCA循环不是停留在一个水平上的循环,不断解决问题的过程就是水平逐步上升的过程。

PDCA/PDSA的区别

当然主要是CHECK 和STUDY, 很明显,STUDY 更全面深入。

PDSA Provides an In-Depth Overview of the Situation

An important difference between the two methodologies is that PDSA attempts to study the consequences of the applied changes more closely and in more detail compared to PDCA. The meaning of the “check” phase often boils down to running some basic tests to ensure that the new state of the system corresponds to some baseline measurements. However, that may not be enough to get the full picture and ensure that the changes will actually lead to an improvement in the long run.

By replacing this step with the “study” one from PDSA, you can often see much better results from the analysis of each step’s impact, and therefore see better long-term improvements. Keep in mind that there may not always be a very good opportunity for studying the effects of your change in that much detail, which could call for the use of PDCA instead. But more on that a little below.

Differences in Other Steps

The other three steps seem similar in both methods, but there are in fact some intricate differences to be aware of.

PDCA/PDSA参考信息:

The two most influential voices for fact-based management in business have been Walter Shewhart, who is often referred to as the “father of statistical quality control,” and W. Edwards Deming, the “father of the Total Quality Management movement.” In the late 1930s, Shewhart converted the traditional view of mass production as a linear, three-part model involving specification, production, and inspection into a continuous-feedback quality control loop that relied on the scientific method of forming a hypothesis, carrying out an experiment, and proving or disproving the hypothesis. As Shewhart's editor, Deming helped Shewhart simplify his concepts for publication. Deming continued to modify Shewhart's cycle and in 1950 presented the concept at a lecture to the Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers (JUSE). The cycle became known as the Deming Wheel: design, production (make), sales (sell), research (redesign through market research). Testing was implicit in all four steps of the cycle.

According to Masaaki Imai, who is often referred to as the “father of kaizen,” an unnamed group of Japanese executives recast the Deming wheel into the PDCA cycle—plan, do, check, act—a four-step cycle for improvement.

Kaoru Ishikawa contributed several key subcomponents to the PDCA cycle, notably, that the plan phase includes setting clear goals and targets, the do phase includes significant training and education during the implementation of any improvement, and the check phase includes continuous revision of standards in response to the voice of the customer and changing requirements of the next step in the process. Through Ishikawa's influence, PDCA began being viewed as a significant management tool and the standard for making continuous improvements to processes and systems.

In the 1980s, Deming expressed his view that owing to translation difficulties from Japanese to English, the PDCA cycle had been corrupted. Deming recommended replacing PDCA with PDSA:“plan, do, study, adjust”which he felt was linguistically closer to Shewhart's original intent. Deming continued to refer to the cycle as PDSA through the 1990s and dubbed it the Shewhart Cycle for Learning and Improvement.

I'm with Deming. Over the more than 20 years that I've been involved in quality improvement, operations design, and problem solving, I've found that the words check and act in PDCA mask the intent of those steps, which are to study the results of one's experiment and then make adjustments based on the results from the countermeasure(s) put in place to test the hypothesis. People often mistake check for making sure that everyone is following the new process rather than checking the results of the experiment and adjusting the countermeasures accordingly. In addition, people often act without adequate reflection and adjustment.

I still sometimes slip and use "PDCA" it's been habituated in my brain and vocabulary for over 20 years. But I'm committed to helping people become proficient problem solvers as quickly as possible, and I've found using “study” and “adjust” helps quite a bit on this front. So PDSA it is.

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